ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Smoking, drinking, sleeping habits, and other lifestyle factors and the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus in Japanese females: findings from the KYSS study
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Masakazu Washio1, 3, Takahiko Horiuchi2, Chikako Kiyohara2, Hiroko Kodama3, Yoshifumi Tada4, Toyoko Asami4, Hiroki Takahashi1, Gen Kobashi5, Takashi Abe6, Hisato Tanaka7, Norihiko Nogami8, Mine Harada2, Hiroshi Tsukamoto2, Saburo Ide3, Kohei Nagasawa4, Osamu Ushiyama4, Takao Hotokebuchi4, Kazushi Okamoto9, Naomasa Sakamoto10, Satoshi Sasaki11, Yoshihiro Miyake12, Tetsuji Yokoyama13, Mitsuru Mori1, Asae Oura1, Yasuhisa Sinomura1, Hiromu Suzuki1, Motohisa Yamamoto1, Yutaka Inaba14 and Masaki Nagai15
| (1) |
Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan |
| (2) |
Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan |
| (3) |
Department of Community Health and Clinical Epidemiology, St. Mary's College, 422 Tsubuku-hon-machi, Kurume 830-8558, Japan |
| (4) |
Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan |
| (5) |
Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan |
| (6) |
Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan |
| (7) |
Tanaka Hospital, Saga, Japan |
| (8) |
Wakakusuryouikuen Hospital, Tosu, Japan |
| (9) |
Aichi Prefectural College of Nursing and Health, Nagoya, Japan |
| (10) |
Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan |
| (11) |
National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan |
| (12) |
Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan |
| (13) |
National Institute of Public Health, Saitama, Japan |
| (14) |
Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan |
| (15) |
Saitama Medical School, Saitama, Japan |
Received: 04 January 2006 Accepted: 17 March 2006
Abstract Many risk factors have been proposed for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, there is little information about the relationship between lifestyles and SLE in Japan. Two case control studies were conducted in Kyushu, southern Japan, and in Hokkaido, northern Japan, to examine the relationship between lifestyles and development of SLE in females. The participants were 78 patients and 329 controls in Kyushu and 35 patients and 188 controls in Hokkaido. Smoking was associated with an increased risk of SLE after adjusting for age in both regions. However, in Hokkaido, this association between smoking and SLE did not reach statistical significance after adjusting for alcohol drinking. The present study suggests that smoking may increase the risk of SLE among Japanese females.
Key words Epidemiology - KYSS study - Risk factors - Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
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